Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, Vol 35, Issue 2, 235-240
DOI: 10.3138/jvme.35.2.235
Copyright © 2008 by Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges
Public-Health Training for Veterinarians |
Purdue University Graduate Certificate Program in Veterinary Homeland Security
Sandra F. Amass•
Thaddaeus D. Blossom•
Marianne Ash•
Don McCay•
Marc E. Mattix
 |
ABSTRACT
|
|---|
Our nation lacks a critical mass of professionals trained to prevent and respond to food- and animal-related emergencies. Training veterinarians provides an immediate means of addressing this shortage of experts. Achievement of critical mass to effectively address animal-related emergencies is expedited by concurrent training of professionals and graduate students in related areas. Purdue University offers a Web-based Graduate Certificate in Veterinary Homeland Security to address this special area of need. The program is a collaborative effort among the Purdue University School of Veterinary Medicine, the Purdue Homeland Security Institute, the Indiana State Board of Animal Health, the Indiana State Police, and others with the overall goal of increasing capacity and preparedness to manage animal-related emergencies. Individuals with expertise in veterinary medicine, public health, animal science, or homeland security are encouraged to participate. The Web-based system allows courses to be delivered efficiently and effectively around the world and allows participants to continue their graduate education while maintaining full-time jobs. Participants enhance their understanding of natural and intentional threats to animal health, strengthen their skills in managing animal-health emergencies, and develop problem-solving expertise to become effective members of animal emergency response teams and of their communities. Students receive graduate credit from Purdue University that can be used toward the certificate and toward an advanced graduate degree. Currently, 70 participants from 28 states; Washington, DC; Singapore; and Bermuda are enrolled.
Key Words: bio-defense • bioterrorism • distance education • veterinary graduate education • veterinary programs and curriculum worldwide
|
INTRODUCTION
|
|---|
Agriculture and food are vital components of society in the United States: 11% of the United States’ gross domestic product was attributed to the food and fiber sector in 2002.1 The United States has an established policy to protect agriculture and food, two of our nation's critical infrastructures, from attacks, disasters, and other emergencies.2 Yet agriculture and food remain vulnerable to both intentional and accidental introduction of agents capable of causing widespread damage to people, animals, and the economy.1,3–7 The threat is not limited to animal and plant pathogens but also affects people. Estimates that 73% to 75% of new, emerging, and re-emerging diseases in people result from spillover of disease agents from wild and domestic animal populations have been reported.8, 9 Examples of such diseases include monkey pox, Ebola, and highly pathogenic avian influenza.8 In addition, five of the six major threat agents identified by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) as potential biological weapons are zoonotic diseases.10
Veterinarians are the professionals most qualified to plan for and respond to animal-related emergencies. Moreover, the veterinary profession has the broadest base of skills to address the above threats.11 Veterinarians have expanded their obligations and leadership roles in protecting our national interests from intentional terrorist acts, pandemics, emerging diseases, and natural disasters.12,13 The daily interface that the veterinary profession has with the nation's animal populations, which serve as sentinels for many high-consequence diseases, gives veterinarians the greatest ability to facilitate early detection and containment of outbreaks.14 These roles are not limited to regulatory veterinarians and food-animal practitioners; small-animal practitioners can assist in many areas, including disease surveillance and prevention and disaster response.15 The message is clear: the United States needs professionals trained in foreign animal diseases, zoonotic diseases, and emergency response.7,16
Hence, our nation is faced with the educational problem of efficiently and rapidly increasing capacity in veterinary homeland security to serve our country. Considerable time will be required to attain funding, build infrastructure, and train and graduate additional veterinarians to meet these national needs. Two main challenges must be met: first, there is a shortage of veterinarians to serve our nation's current and future needs in this area; second, there is a lack of educational programs to prepare current and future veterinarians in this area.
In 2006, it was estimated that we would require an additional 6,000 state and federal veterinarians to deal with an animal-health emergency resulting from a highly contagious disease.17 It has been estimated that more than 20% of veterinary graduates in the United States each year are needed to satisfy current demands in food-animal medicine and public health.18 The Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges (AAVMC) has recognized this need and has called for educational initiatives to recruit and train veterinarians in public practice.18
A recent survey of licensed veterinarians in Hawaii found that although over 90% of respondents were willing to assist the state during a bioterrorism event, only 16% believed they could respond effectively.19 There is an urgent need for new educational initiatives to ensure that veterinarians are educated in detecting biological warfare and high-consequence disease agents, as well as planning and preparing for the consequences of a bioterrorist act or a natural disease outbreak.10,14 At a 2005 AAVMC meeting, Colonel John Hoffman of the US Department of Homeland Security stated that there were about 15,000 veterinarians in need of such training.19
Calls for educational programs have been numerous. The Committee on Biological Threats to Agricultural Plants and Animals of the National Academies Board on Agriculture and Natural Resources has recommended the development of a comprehensive educational program, tailored to first responders, veterinarians, and others in the agricultural community, to increase awareness of exotic pathogens.5 Practicing veterinarians as well as veterinary students must be targeted.7,12,20–23
Providing high-quality, remotely accessible training for existing veterinary professionals represents an immediate means of addressing the current shortage of appropriately trained veterinarians. Achievement of critical mass to effectively address animal-related emergencies can be further expedited by providing such training to other professionals who will be involved in animal emergencies (veterinary technicians, animal scientists, law-enforcement officers, physicians, etc.). Finally, such a program would enable concurrent training of veterinary students, who can then be prepared to address future needs in veterinary homeland security. Reports of deliberations on how veterinary education must change have recommended continuing-education programs that are "strategic in content," "locally available," and "flexible in delivery"; the development of certificate programs; and improved availability of distance education.24 The Purdue University Graduate Certificate Program in Veterinary Homeland Security was developed with these considerations in mind to address national needs.
|
PROGRAM OVERVIEW
|
|---|
Purdue University's Graduate School Council approved a graduate certificate program in veterinary homeland security and an MS area of specialization in veterinary homeland security in 2006. The council also approved the development of 18 graduate distance courses in veterinary homeland security to be used in these programs. These courses are short (0.5–1.0 credit hour, representing 7.5–15 lecture hours), distance-delivered courses designed to fit into the schedules of professionals with full-time jobs and those of full-time students. Students must complete 4.5 credits of required courses and 4.5 credits of elective courses to receive a certificate. Students receive graduate credit from Purdue University for completion of these courses, and these credits can be applied toward an MS or PhD degree. MS students at Purdue University can receive an Area of Specialization in Veterinary Homeland Security upon completion of 15 credit hours. The courses can also be applied towards continuing-education hours. The graduate certificate program was launched in May 2006 and currently offers eight distance courses. The program was externally reviewed by the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) and declared to be in compliance with National Animal Health Emergency Management System guidelines.
|
TARGET AUDIENCE AND CURRENT METRICS
|
|---|
The program was designed to meet the needs of individuals involved in animal emergency response. The goal of the program is to increase capacity and preparedness by using the base of knowledge and experience present in our existing professional population as a valuable and necessary foundation upon which to build the added skills needed to effectively address issues of veterinary homeland security. Individuals with expertise in veterinary medicine, public health, animal science, or homeland security are encouraged to participate. Many states have already assembled groups of veterinarians and veterinary technicians who have volunteered to assist in the event of an animal-related emergency. The intent of this program is to provide formal graduate-level training in homeland security to enhance the preparedness and effectiveness of these volunteer emergency responders. The program is not limited to veterinarians, because there are not enough veterinarians in the country to effectively prepare for and respond to animal-related emergencies. Moreover, as demonstrated by Hurricanes Floyd (1999) and Katrina (2005), when a disaster occurs, an interdisciplinary, cooperative team effort among veterinarians and other professionals is required for an effective response. Therefore, Purdue's program provides training to other professionals who will assist in an animal-related emergency. The program is also open to veterinary students, other professional students, and graduate students, so that future needs in veterinary homeland security can be addressed. Feedback from participants is solicited and is used to ensure that the program meets the needs of the target audience.
The Veterinary Homeland Security Graduate Certificate Program enrolled 70 participants from 28 states as well as from Washington, DC; Singapore; and Bermuda in its first 19 months. The student base is predominantly veterinarians but also includes veterinary technicians, veterinary students, and professionals in related government and private industries. Forty-seven percent of participants work in the private sector; the remainder are employed in state and federal jobs, work in academia, or are students. Our students are employees of public and animal health departments, USDA APHIS, the US Fish and Wildlife Service, USDA Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), the CDC, the military, and law-enforcement agencies. Some students are taking the courses as electives to apply to Master of Public Health programs at other universities. Students from 16 states have already completed the Community Planning service-learning course and turned in projects for which they contacted their local emergency managers; critiqued, updated, or wrote plans for addressing animal emergencies in their communities; and identified resources (personnel and equipment) to be used in the event of an animal emergency. Student feedback has emphasized that the courses improved their ability to communicate with the public and with clients, as well as increasing their local preparedness.
|
COLLABORATIVE EFFORT
|
|---|
Program development to date has exemplified partnerships and collaborative efforts to strengthen education in veterinary homeland security. The focus and scope of the curriculum were determined through collaboration among the Purdue School of Veterinary Medicine, the Purdue Homeland Security Institute, the Indiana Department of Homeland Security, the Indiana Board of Animal Health, and the Indiana State Police. Experts from the USDA APHIS, including those at the Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory at Plum Island, have provided lectures for courses in this program to ensure quality and consistency with their Foreign Animal Disease Diagnostician training. Sgt. Don McCay of the Indiana State Police produced and lectured in the Crime Scene Management course, in cooperation with other Indiana State Police personnel. This program would not be possible without the contribution of time and expertise by the many international experts who provide lectures and presentation materials. These individuals include physicians, veterinarians, crop specialists, economists, law-enforcement and military personnel. Veterinarians from Malaysia, Indonesia, New Zealand, the Ivory Coast, Nigeria, and the Gambia have contributed case studies for use in the program. These individuals are listed in the Acknowledgments section below.
Purdue University's development and delivery team consists of three veterinarians, an interactive multimedia expert, a veterinary technician, and a graduate student in human resources. The Purdue Homeland Security Institute provides expertise in law enforcement, business management, and the military. Two of the veterinarians—Dr. Marianne Ash, Director of Biosecurity and Emergency Programs at the Indiana State Board of Animal Health, and Colonel Marc Mattix, pathologist for the State of Montana and Assistant Chief of the US Army Veterinary Corps Mobilization and Reserve Affairs—are adjunct assistant professors of veterinary clinical sciences at Purdue University. The graduate certificate is offered by the Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences at Purdue University's School of Veterinary Medicine. The Purdue University Graduate School processes applications to the program. The Purdue Homeland Security Institute and the Purdue School of Veterinary Medicine produce the courses, approve students for acceptance to the program, manage the courses, manage the Web site, and provide the servers and other required equipment. The Office of Continuing Education developed the business model for the program, registers students for courses, and manages the financial aspects of the program.
|
CURRICULUM AND COURSE DESCRIPTIONS
|
|---|
The core curriculum consists of the following courses - An Introduction to Veterinary Homeland Security
- High Consequence Zoonotic Disease Review
- Defining the Threat to Animal Health
- Understanding the Response in an Animal Health Emergency
- Biosecurity for Veterinary Responders
- The Veterinarian's Role in Community Planning
Elective courses include - High Consequence Disease Review in Multiple Species
- Euthanasia and Carcass Disposal
- Food Borne Illnesses
- GIS Applications in Veterinary Emergency Management
- Managing an Emergency
- Crime Scene Management
- Radiological Events: Implications for Animal and Food Safety
Brief course descriptions are provided below (courses completed and available for student registration at the time of writing are indicated by an asterisk).a
- VCS 640 Introduction to Veterinary Homeland Security (1.0 credit)*: A didactic course presenting introductory material on the threat and impact of agro-terrorism, government and veterinarian roles in animal-health emergencies and community planning, foreign animal/zoonotic/food-borne disease surveillance and early detection, radiological/chemical events, field epidemiology, and bio-security for emergency responders. A distance laboratory module in which students become certified at the 100 level in Incident Command Training is required.
- VCS 641 High Consequence Disease Review—Multiple Species (1.0 credit): A didactic course presenting etiology, transmission, clinical signs, lesions, diagnostic methods, and differential diagnoses for high-consequence diseases that affect multiple species.
- VCS 642 High Consequence Disease Review—Cattle (1.0 credit): A didactic course presenting etiology, transmission, clinical signs, lesions, diagnostic methods, and differential diagnoses for high-consequence diseases that affect cattle.
- VCS 643 High Consequence Disease Review—Equine (1.0 credit): A didactic course presenting etiology, transmission, clinical signs, lesions, diagnostic methods, and differential diagnoses for high-consequence diseases that affect horses.
- VCS 644 High Consequence Disease Review—Swine (0.5 credit)*: A didactic course presenting etiology, transmission, clinical signs, lesions, diagnostic methods, and differential diagnoses for high-consequence diseases that affect swine.
- VCS 645 High Consequence Disease Review—Minor Species (1.0 credit): A didactic course presenting etiology, transmission, clinical signs, lesions, diagnostic methods, and differential diagnoses for high-consequence diseases that affect sheep, goats, and rabbits.
- VCS 646 High Consequence Disease Review—Avian (1.0 credit): A didactic course presenting etiology, transmission, clinical signs, lesions, diagnostic methods, and differential diagnoses for high-consequence diseases that affect birds.
- VCS 647 High Consequence Disease Review—Zoonotic (1.0 credit)*: A didactic course presenting etiology, transmission, clinical signs, lesions, diagnostic methods, and differential diagnoses for high-consequence diseases that affect both animals and people. Actual cases will be included when available.
- VCS 648 Defining the Threat (0.5 credit)*: A didactic course defining the threat of terrorism to livestock, companion animals, and public health. Course content will include threat assessments, profiles of terrorist groups, specific threats, impact of threats, and veterinarians’ role in mitigating threats to animal health.
- VCS 649 Understanding the Response (0.5 credit)*: A didactic course presenting material on response to disease outbreaks, acts of terrorism, and natural disasters that affect our animal population. Laboratory modules in which students become trained in the National Response Plan are required.
- VCS 651 Biosecurity for Veterinary Responders (1.0 credit)*: A didactic course outlining bio-security procedures for professionals responding to animal-health emergencies. Topics include quarantine establishment, notification, personal protective equipment, general bio-security, decontamination techniques, trace-out, collecting and mailing samples, and prevention of pathogen transmission by people and animals.
- VCS 652 Euthanasia and Carcass Disposal (1.0 credit): A didactic course outlining euthanasia and carcass-disposal guidelines in the event of an animal health-emergency. Topics include humane handling of healthy and morbid animals, mass euthanasia, carcass-disposal techniques, and carcass-disposal regulations.
- VCS 653 Veterinarian's Role in Community Planning (0.5 credit)*: A service-learning course presenting fundamental materials on understanding and creating an emergency and disaster plan. Students are required to participate in emergency planning for their community as part of this course.
- VCS 654 Food Borne Illnesses (1.0 credit): A didactic course outlining the professional's role in food-borne disease outbreaks. Topics include regulatory aspects of food safety and food-borne disease outbreaks, understanding the classification of food-borne diseases, epidemiological investigation of food-borne illness, risk management, and a review of common food-borne illnesses.
- VCS 655 GIS Applications in Veterinary Emergency Management (1.0 credit): A didactic course reviewing the application of geographic information systems (GIS) to emergency preparedness and response in animal-related emergencies.
- VCS 656 Managing an Emergency (1.0 credit): A didactic course reviewing the principles of emergency management. Topics include the National Incident Management System (NIMS) and Incident Command Training (ICS). In addition, laboratory modules in which students become certified at the 200 and 300 levels in Incident Command Training are required.
- VCS 657 Crime Scene Management (1.0 credit)*: A didactic course outlining the protocol law-enforcement personnel will use when conducting a crime-scene investigation in which veterinarians are expected to give assistance. The course framework will include initial response, scene processing and evidence collection, documenting the crime scene, and crime-scene equipment.
- VCS 658 Radiological Events (1.0 credit): A didactic course outlining the basics of radiation and radioactivity and the threat of, response to, and impact of a radiological event on our animal population and food supply.
Courses are interdisciplinary in nature and incorporate assignments in which students are provided the tools and encouraged to participate in community planning for animal-related emergencies. The curriculum also incorporates certification programs, so that students are qualified to assist on animal emergency response teams.
|
DELIVERY
|
|---|
The Web-based instructional delivery system facilitates training of veterinarians and other professionals who already have a demanding schedule by providing remotely accessible, continually available graduate-level courses. Thus, full-time professionals who could not otherwise formally continue their graduate education while maintaining their jobs can now pursue graduate studies in this field. The program Web site was designed by our interactive multimedia specialist. Each course site contains the course syllabus, objectives, course modules with instructor information, access to the course bulletin board, a study guide, and online supplementary reading materials. Participants without high-speed Internet access can obtain the course materials on CD-ROM, but they must return the CD-ROM to receive course credit.
To accommodate different learning styles, students can select from three delivery methods: (1) synchronized video, audio, and PowerPointb slides; (2) synchronized audio and PowerPoint slides; or (3) a transcript with associated PowerPoint slides. Our evaluation tool enables us to monitor the selection process and collect metrics to determine the most popular method of learning. Exams are delivered on site, using a proctoring system in use at Purdue for distance-learning courses. This process enables testing at international locations while at the same time maintaining the standards of graduate-level examination at Purdue University.
|
CONCLUSIONS
|
|---|
The authors hope that the result of this program will be a well-trained force of professionals whose daily vigilance and advanced skills will significantly improve our nation's ability to deter, detect, respond to, and recover from animal-related emergencies.c
|
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
|
|---|
The program described above would not be possible without the contribution of expertise from the following people. The authors sincerely thank Dr. Barbara Bielska, Mike Bigler, D/Sgt. Anthony Bontrager, Abigail Borron, Lt.-Col. Mike Bunning, Steve Cain, Jacquie Calnan, Neil Caudle, Detective Patrick Cicero, Tim Collins, Tom Cooper, Dr. Kebba Daffeh, Dr. Todd Damrow, Dr. Ron DeHaven, Denise Derrer, Michele Deshotels, Sgt. Rob Ewing, Dr. Peter Fernandez, Dr. William Foley, Dr. Richard French, Dr. Jen Greiner, Dr. Tam Garland, Dr. Alfinus Gazali, Sgt. Dan Goris, Sgt. Rick Hammer, Lanie Hazelwood, Dr. Jim Howell, Dr. Chris Hurt, Dr. Jerry Jaax, Kevin Kazacos, Dr. Simon Kenyon, Mike Koppes, Dr. Ingeborg Langohr, Eric Lawrence, Dr. Michel Levy, Dr. Martha Littlefield, Jill Lynn, Donald Mahley, Dr. Bret Marsh, Dr. Ray Martyn, Dr. Thomas McKenna, Dr. Samia Metwally, Dr. George Moore, Dr. Emily Morin, Steve Nichols, Lt.-Col. Donald Noah, Dr. Sandra Norman, Dr. Don Otto, Capt. Robert Rich, Dr. Marcus Rogers, Dr. Dave Schmitt, Ch. Daniel Sherar, Dr. Greg Stevenson, Dr. Paul Sundberg, Dr. Willis Tacker, Jr., Dr. Alfonso Torres, Dr. Wan Mohd. Kamil b. Dato’ Wan Nik, Sgt. Steve Weigle, Dr. William White, Dr. Daniel Wilson, Dr. Frank Wilson, Joyce Woodall, and Deputy Prosecutor Christine Wrage. The authors also thank Dr. Dennis McElhoe, Marta Read, Connie Burke, Denise Ottinger, Amy Hamilton, Deb Cessna, and Sylvia Cotton for their assistance in delivering this program. The authors thank the Indiana 21st Century Research and Technology Fund, Provost Sally Mason, and the Hugh and Mair Lewis Fund for Biomedical Information Resources for support of this program.
|
Footnotes
|
|---|
AUTHOR INFORMATION
Sandra Amass, DVM, PhD, Dipl. ABVP, is Professor of Veterinary Clinical Sciences at Purdue University's School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, VCS/Lynn, 625 Harrison Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907-2026 USA. E-mail: amasss{at}purdue.edu. Dr. Amass is Director of the National Biosecurity Resource Center, and Associate Director of the Purdue Homeland Security at Purdue University's Discovery Park.
Thaddaeus Blossom is Agricultural Outreach Program Manager at the Purdue Homeland Security Institute, Gerald D. and Edna E. Mann Hall, 203 S. Intramural Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1971 USA. He specializes in interactive multimedia development and computer graphics technology.
Marianne Ash, DVM, Dipl. ACVPM, is Adjunct Assistant Professor of Veterinary Clinical Sciences at Purdue University and Director of Biosecurity and Emergency Programs at the Indiana State Board of Animal Health, 805 Beachway Drive, Suite 50, Indianapolis, IN 46224 USA.
Don McCay, MS, is Sergeant with the Indiana State Police and squad leader for the Methamphetamine Suppression Section, 1425 Miami Highway, Bremen, IN 46506 USA. He is certified as a law-enforcement instructor by the Indiana Law Enforcement Training Board, a Hostage/Crisis Negotiator, and a member of the Clandestine Laboratory Team.
Marc Mattix, MSS, DVM, Dipl. ACVP, Colonel, Veterinary Corps, USAR, serves as a pathologist for the Montana Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 6941 Bristol Lane, Bozeman, MT 59715 USA. He is Assistant Chief of the US Army Veterinary Corps Mobilization and Reserve Affairs, a member of the distance faculty of the Plum Island Animal Disease Center, and Adjunct Professor of Veterinary Clinical Sciences at Purdue University.
NOTES
a Details on completed courses can be found at <http://www.biosecuritycenter.org/article/HLScourses>. 
b Microsoft Corp., Redmond, WA 98052-6399 USA <http://www.microsoft.com>.
c Additional information on the program and application materials can be found at <http://www.biosecuritycenter.org/article/vetHomelndProgram>.
|
REFERENCES
|
|---|
- Monke J. Agroterrorism: threats and preparedness <http://www.fas.org/irp/crs/RL32521.pdf>. CRS Report for Congress, 2004.
- Bush GW. Homeland Security Presidential Directive/HSPD-9. Washington, DC: The White House, January 2004. <http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2004/02/20040203-2.html>. Accessed 03/04/08.
- Török TJ, Tauxe RV, Wise RP, Livengood JR, Sokolow R, Mauvais S, Birkness KA, Skeels MR, Horan JM, Foster LR. A large community outbreak of Salmonellosis caused by intentional contamination of restaurant salad bars. J Am Med Assoc 278: 389–395, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Dudley JP. Woodford MH. Bioweapons, bioterrorism and biodiversity: potential impacts of biological weapons attacks on agriculture and biological diversity. Rev Sci Tech Off Int Epiz 21(1):125–137, 2002.
- Moon HW, Kirk-Baer C, Ascher M, Cook RJ, Franz DR, Hoy M, Husnik DF, Jensen HH, Keller KH, Lederberg J, Madden LV, Powers LS, Steinberg AD, Strating A, Smith RE, Kuzma J, Grossblatt N, Holliday L, Sweatt D, Strongin S. US agriculture is vulnerable to bioterrorism. J Vet Med Educ 30: 96–104, 2003.[Free Full Text]
- Crawford L. Food safety and global security. J Vet Med Educ 30: 110–111, 2003.[Free Full Text]
- Brown C. Vulnerabilities in agriculture. J Vet Med Educ 30: 112–114, 2003.[Free Full Text]
- Pappaioanou M, Gomez T, Drenzek C. New and emerging zoonoses, 10, 11, Emerg Infect Dis, 2004. <http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol11no12/05-0997.htm>. Accessed 03/04/08.
- Woolhouse MEJ. Gowtage-Sequeria S. Host range and emerging and reemerging pathogens. Emerg Infect Dis 11: 1842–1847, 2005.[Medline]
- Thurmond M, Brown C. Bio- and agroterror: the role of the veterinary academy. J Vet Med Educ 29: 1–4, 2002.[Free Full Text]
- Gibbs P. The foot-and-mouth disease epidemic of 2001 in the UK: implications for the USA and the "War on Terror." J Vet Med Educ 30: 121–132, 2003.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Becker K. An epiphany: recent events highlight the responsibilities, roles, and challenges that veterinarians must embrace in public health. J Vet Med Educ 30: 115–120, 2003.[Free Full Text]
- Pappaioanou M. Veterinarians in global public health. J Vet Med Educ 30: 105–109, 2003.[Free Full Text]
- Fitzpatrick AM, Bender JB. Survey of chief livestock officials regarding bioterrorism preparedness in the United States. J Am Vet Med Assoc 217: 1315–1318, 2000.[CrossRef][Medline]
- Wohl JS. Public health roles for small animal practitioners. J Am Vet Med Assoc 230: 494–500, 2007.[CrossRef][Medline]
- Chomel BB. Control and prevention of emerging zoonoses. J Vet Med Educ 30: 145–147, 2003.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- DeHaven WR, Goldberg R. Animal health: foundation of a safe, secure, and abundant food supply. J Vet Med Educ 33: 496–501, 2006.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
- Hoblet KH, Maccabe AT, Heider LE. Veterinarians in population health and public practice: meeting critical national needs. J Vet Med Educ 30: 232–239, 2002.
- Hoffman J. Defending food security and safety. Address to the AAVMC conference Veterinary Medical Education for Modern Food Systems. Kansas City, MO, October 27, 2005.
- Katz AR, Nekorchuk DM, Holck PS, Hendrickson LA, Imrie AA, Effler PV. Hawaii veterinarians’ bioterrorism preparedness needs assessment survey. J Vet Med Educ 33: 612–617, 2003.[CrossRef]
- King L. Veterinary medicine's role in biodefense and public health. J Vet Med Educ 30: 161–163, 2003.[Free Full Text]
- LaBranche T, Tack D. Addressing the need for veterinarians in biodefense and public health: perspectives from veterinary students. J Vet Med Educ 30: 173–175, 2003.[Free Full Text]
- Heath S. Education in disaster management at US veterinary schools and colleges. J Vet Med Educ 30: 157–160, 2003.[Free Full Text]
- Baker J, Blackwell M, Buss D, Eyre P, Held JR, Ogilvie T, Pappaioanou M, Sawyer L. Strategies for educational action to meet veterinary medicine's role in biodefense and public health. J Vet Med Educ 30: 164–172, 2003.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
| AAVMC APPRECIATES THE SUPPORT OF OUR TWO PATRONS, HILL'S PET NUTRITION AND BAYER ANIMAL HEALTH, WHO IN COMBINATION ARE FULLY SUPPORTING THIS SITE. |
 |
 |
 |
|
|
|
TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
